Friday, December 27, 2019

Comparing The Crucible and Salem Witch Trials Essay

The purpose of my paper is to compare and contrast Arthur Miller’s The Crucible with the actual witch trials that took place in Salem in the 17th Century. Although many of the characters and events in the play were non-fictional, many details were changed by the playwright to add intrigue to the story. While there isn’t one specific cause or event that led to the Salem witch trials, it was a combination of events and factors that contributed to the birth and growth of the trials. Some of these events included: a small pox outbreak that was happening at the time, the revocation of the Massachusetts Bay Colony charter by Charles II, and the constant fear of Native attacks. These helped in creating anxiety among the early Puritans that†¦show more content†¦A few years later, he was called before the House Committee on Un-American Activities. While admitting to his actions, he refused to name any others involved in the communist front activities. â€Å"Miller also observes the tremendous forces that mere accusation had at this time, something that was evident as well in the McCarthy witch-hunts. A man’s career could be ruined if he were merely asked, â€Å"Are you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist party?†Ã¢â‚¬  In 1954, Miller was denied a passport by the State department when he had planned to attend the opening of his play in Brussels and this was not the end of Miller’s government troubles over the next few decades. He was called before Representative Francis Walter’s Committee on Un-American Activities where he talked to the members on various subjects. At this encounter, Miller was asked about his attendance at a Communist writers’ meeting in which he admitted to attending but was not willing to name any other attendees. Refusing to answer the questions of the committee, Miller was tried and found guilty on two counts of contempt. Sadly though, Arthur Miller passed away in 2005 at the age of 89. In The Crucible, we are introduced to a group of girls who are in the forest dancing around a fire with a black slave named Tituba. As their dancing around, they are caught by the local minister Reverend Parris and suddenly his daughter falls into a coma-likeShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible By Comparing The Salem Witch Trials1431 Words   |  6 Pagesresult, he wrote a play called The Crucible, in which he used the Salem Witch Trials of 1692 to explain the communist hysteria during the 1950s. Arthur Miller develops an allegory in The Crucible by comparing the Salem Witch Trials to McCarthyism by using ringleaders, persecuted couples, and hypocrisy in the government or legal system. Certainly, Miller creates a parallel using ringleaders such as Senator Joseph McCarthy in the 1950s, and Abigail Williams in The Crucible. Without a doubt, Joseph McCarthyRead MoreRed Scare And The Crucible Comparison Essay1008 Words   |  5 PagesRed Scare and The Salem Witch Trials were both events that left a mark in American history. The Red Scare began in 1917 and took place across the United States. The Red Scare was known as the widespread promotion of anti-communism. The Salem Witch Trials began in 1692 and took place in Salem, Massachusetts. The Salem Witch Trials were various court hearings and prosecutions of people in Salem accused of Witchcraft. Arthur Miller wrote The Crucible, a play about The Salem Witch Trials, to send a messageRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagesthat came from the 1950s was Arthur Miller’s The Crucible. During a time when the U.S. was worried of communism taking over, Miller released The Crucible, which h elped to capture the hysteria that was occurring. The play presents itself as a metaphor for the House of Un-American Activities Committee that was created during the Cold War when communism was spreading, but Miller never actually referenced it in the play. Although Arthur Miller’s The Crucible is set in the late 1600s, it offers a fine exampleRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1355 Words   |  6 Pagesas when comparing two events to prove a point. Proving a point was a necessity for Arthur Miller during the 1950’s, and he proves his point through The Crucible, a play about the Salem Witch Trials. Miller attacks the red scare, which was a time of fear of communism growing in America, and proves the how similar the two events were, and how they are important. As a political allegory of the red scare, Miller’s relatively accurate comparison between the red scare and the Salem Witch Trials throughRead Morethe crucible vs real life766 Words   |  4 PagesLea rning From the Past The Salem Witch Trials were an extremely controversial period of time in our history. This was a time of suspicion and accusation of many innocent women and men that led to hysteria and complete turmoil in Salem Village. The Crucible portrays the Salem Witch Trials in a dramatic sense, but there are many similarities between the movie and the actual events. We can use these unusual events to compare to our own lives and learn from the mistakes of our past. I’ve found thatRead MoreAccusation And Defense Of The Salem Witchcraft Trials1658 Words   |  7 PagesRESEARCH PAPER Accusation and defense in the Salem witchcraft trials Suraj Gamal History 1301-73001-73002 JOE L. MCCAMBRIDGE - HISTORY 1301-1302 One of the most infamous Trial in history took place on March 1, 1692. According, to the Library of Congress, Massachusetts authorities catechized Sarah Good, Sarah Osborne, and an Indian Slave, Tituba regarding their practice in witchcraft. The trial resulted in more than 150 men and women in and around Salem jailed on charges of practicing WitchcraftRead MoreThe Crucible Comparison741 Words   |  3 PagesThe film version of The Crucible depicts the play achieving several depth by depth characteristics that are very similar to the play. The film The Crucible (1996) is introduced chronologically, comparing side by side it is very exact to that of the play. This whole film is based on one simple element and that is witchcraft, the Salem Witch Trials which killed 19 innocent lives who were believed to be associated with the Devil, and believed they were witches that had the ability to fly wherever andRead MoreSimilarities Between Good Night And Good Luck In The Crucible1072 Words   |  5 PagesMiller’s The Crucible, has many unique and complicated characters, purposed to show the severe injustice of the Joseph McCarthy trials in the 1950’s. The injustices created by these trails creates many different conflicts, both internal and external between many different characters. A similar motif is expressed in George Clooney’s Good Night and Good Luck. Arthur Miller uses many different characters to show the chaos the trails created, by relating it to the story of the Salem Witch Trials. The charactersRead MoreThe Human Lust For Power By Arthur Miller1689 Words   |  7 Pagesconstantly analyze its corrupting influence and recursive nature. Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, however, highlights a different facet of power: the means by which individuals strive to obtain it. In particular, he focuses on social power and the use of accusatory labels, such as â€Å"witch,† to obtain this power. The story is also a clear extended analogy for American McCarthyism, comparing the absurdity of the Salem witch trials to the equally ridiculous accusations of â€Å"communist sympathies† that destroyedRead MoreCompare And Contrast Young Goodman Brown And Abigail Williams1435 Words   |  6 Pagesshort story Young Goodman Brown, and the play called The Crucible, wrote these two stories as if they were meant to be compared and contrasted. Whether it is Young Goodman Brown himself, or Abigail Williams from The Crucible, there are many similarities, along with diffe rences between them. Along with comparing characters of these stories, we can also compare and contrast the two main themes. These themes are hysteria, and community. In The Crucible, the main theme is hysteria because it seems to overcome

Thursday, December 19, 2019

State and Federal Systems of Government Essay - 1705 Words

State and Federal Systems of Government MGT434 May 29, 2006 State and Federal Systems of Government Labor and employment laws define US workers rights and protect s employees from employers retaliation for exercising our rights under the laws or reporting violations to the proper authorities. As Bennett and Hartman explain, these laws Â…seek to make the power relationship between employer and employee one that is fair and equitable (Employment Law for Business, pg. 88). Employers have to adhere to these basic laws to stay out of court. In this paper I will describe how the federal and state systems of government differ in their application of employment. I will also provide an example of an employment protection that is†¦show more content†¦S. Department of Labor Web site). The Oklahoma state minimum wage law does not contain dollar minimums but instead the state adopts the Federal minimum wage rate by reference. This State law excludes from coverage any employment that is subject to the Federal Fair Labor Standards. ). In California, the basic minimum rate is $6.75. I n San Francisco, the rate is of $8.50 per hour (which is applicable to all employees who work two or more hours a week). Californias state law also set premium pay after a certain amount of designated hours. On a daily basis an employee will normally work an eight hour day. Any employee who works for 12 hours or more are paid at double time. On a weekly basis an employee will work a maximum of 40 hours. In case an employee has to work a seventh day, during the first eight hours he or she will be paid at time and a half; over eight hours the employee will be paid at double time (U. S. Department of Labor Web site). In all cases where an employee is subject to both the state and Federal minimum wage laws, the employee is entitled to the higher of the two wage rates (FirstGov.Gov Web site). Collective Bargaining Agreements in New Hampshire (CBA) is other example of union agreements that exceed federal law requirements because the unions set different conditions for employees.Show MoreRelatedEssay on United States Government and Federalism1473 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States has grappled with the idea of federalism. While former President James Madison had a very concrete understanding of that form of governance, â€Å"In the compound republic of America, the power surrendered by the people is first divided between two distinct governments, and then portion allotted to each subdivided among distinct and separate departments† (Madison, 1788, p. 67), the United States has never had a conclusive division of power between the state and the US Federal Governments. InsteadRead MoreIntergovernmental Relations1326 Words   |  6 Pagesfundamental part of U.S government and how it gives equal power to both national and state governments. â€Å"History indicates clear ly that the principal factor in the formation of federal systems of government has been a common external threat.† The authors’ quote informs the reader that people have always been weary of a strong, national government and that there is always a constant struggle between the two governments to work together. Defining a government to be a federal system of government includes manyRead MoreFederalism in Usa1172 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican political system in place today Top of Form | | Bottom of Form 2. Examine three to five (3-5) factors that have allowed the concept of federalism to shape American political behavior 3. Discuss at least two (2) factors that illustrate how the relationship between the states and the U.S. federal government influences the creation of American policies overall 1. Provide three (3) examples of how federalism has evolved from its origins to the American political system in place today. FederalismRead MoreFoundation of the American Legal System Essay example751 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican legal system. Explain the different roles of the federal and state government. The American legal system consists of two separate levels of court, defined as federalism, which together administer and enforce the laws in the United States. Federalism distributes the government powers between both the federal governments and the state governments, which ensures that the power of the national government is decentralized. The US Constitution divides the federal government into three branchesRead MoreBenefits of the Federal System1621 Words   |  7 Pagesand forth from stronger decentralized government to a dominant centralized government, the balance between the two has yet to fall completely. Thanks to the limitations the Founders installed into our Constitution, there has yet a time where the states or national government has the total power to control the nation as a whole. We call this type of government system as the federal system. In a federal system, there are different but separate levels of government who has their own powers. FurthermoreRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Federalism, Unitary And Confederal Systems1310 Words   |  6 PagesNational Government Fall 2017 Instructor: Douglas Rivero Analyze the pros and cons of federalism, unitary and confederal systems. Explain to me whether you believe that we should keep our federal system or whether we should abandon it in favor of a different one. Before discussing the pros and cons of different governmental systems, let’s know about the federal, unitary, and confederal systems? There are three systems of government exist today: federal, unitary, and confederal. Federal system is aRead MoreEssay about The Evolution of Federalism981 Words   |  4 PagesArticles of Confederation bound the states together in two main aspects; foreign and military affairs. The Articles of Confederation worked well while all the states had a common cause. However, as soon as the war ended and interests began to change, it became obvious that the Articles were not enough. This brings on the creation of Federalism (Reinventing American Federalism).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In May of 1787, in the city of Philadelphia, delegates from all thirteen states met in order to â€Å"create a more perfectRead MoreThe United States Governmental System1217 Words   |  5 Pages The United States governmental system is a complex entity consisting of many parts. One of the most unique aspects of the U.S governmental system is the Bicameral structure which consists of the Federal Government and the State Government. When the framers of the United States Constitution collaborated to make the U.S governmental system they wanted to insure that there was a separation of powers to prevent tyranny, as a result of this state law and federal law was developed. There are many differencesRead MoreThe Federal Reserve : The Central Bank Of The United States1526 Words   |  7 Pages The Federal Reserve Introduction The Federal Reserve, also known as the Fed is the central bank of the United States. The system was created on December 1913 during the reign of President Woodrow Wilson. It was during this time that President Woodrow signed the Federal Reserve Act, incorporating it into the law. The Congress was behind the creation of the Federal Reserve with the ultimate goal of making it safer and more reliable to keep the money. The Congress was also compelled to establishingRead MoreThe Effects Of Environmental Regulations On The Environment Essay1591 Words   |  7 Pagespopulation from an event of mass extinction is the federal, state, and other international governments. Climate change is a current, and very real threat, in fact, it is even considered a national security threat to Pentagon officials. Global temperatures, sea levels, and CO2 levels are all rising at an exponential rate. If action isn t taken by such levels of government, planet earth is destined for doom. The question, howeve r, is if the government should be responsible for regulating the environment

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Employee Motivation and Engagement

Question: Write an essay on "Employee Motivation and Engagement". Answer: Introduction Motivation is the most significant factor in the organizations that keep the employees encouraged and interested to work beneficially in their workplace domain. This practice of the strategic human resource management helps to maintain flexibility in the business operations and they can thus enhance their work capabilities and improve the standards of the organizations. The prime responsibility of the strategic human resource managers is to motivate the employees in order to engage them in the work and retain them on long time basis (Jeyarathnam, 2008). It is therefore very much essential to identify the various organizational practices that can be undertaken by the managers so as to foster the emotional, behavioural and cognitive qualities which will help the employees to develop their interpersonal skills and efficacies and work effectively in the organizations. This entire report will shed light upon the impact of motivation on the employees and how motivation can help the employees in their work engagement with the help of certain motivational theories and practices. Also the study will highlight the different motivational factors and the strategies adopted by which the human resource management can bring about the best performance from the employees and thereby ensure the effectiveness of the organizations. Main analysis of the paper Effective motivational theories influencing the affective and behavioural processes of the employees The concept of the human resource management has attracted the attention of many people in the recent times. The overall concern of the human resource management is to implement various strategies and techniques that will enable them to achieve immense success and recognition in the entire operating market. In other words, the human resource managers tend to motivate the employees in order to enhance and develop the innate skills and abilities of the people so that they can be able to contribute their potentiality and capacities in their workplace domain (Mathis and Jackson, 2003). Motivational theories adopted by the strategic human resources management of the organizations make the employees satisfied and encouraged to work beneficially and ensure the well being of the businesses they are associated with. The different needs and necessities of the employees need to be fulfilled so that they can feel attracted and connected to the company and perform better. Every employee prefers working in such organizations where they can feel safe and secured and can ensure that their desires and expectations will be fulfilled. Once they see that their expectations are accomplished by the companies, their behaviour and attitudes towards the organizational activities and management becomes positive. In this respect, the different motivational theories can be highlighted through which the management can be able to uplift the working capabilities and standards of the employees in a fruitful way. The Theories are: Maslows hierarchy of needs Maslows hierarchy of needs is a theory of motivation that focuses widely on the accomplishment or fulfilment of the various needs and desires of the employees in a beneficial manner. The theory involves five stages of hierarchy of needs presented in a pyramid form where all the needs and necessities of the employees are mentioned and highlighted. According to the concerned law, the management must understand what are the things that motivate the employees of the organizations. Maslow believed that the employees feel happy and satisfied to work if their physiological needs are being fulfilled by the human resource management (Udechukwu, 2009). The workforce must be rendered open and jovial work environment along with all sorts of basic resources. Moreover the management must take proper safety measures so as to ensure the security of the employees within the organizations. No employee should be injured and if such happens the management must take steps to look after the injured. The hierarchy of needs theory also states that the human resource managers must provide the employees with all the social needs and must respect their opinions and identities so that they can feel their importance and value in the organizations. In the opinion of Maslow, every person has the capability of moving up the hierarchy to the maximum level where they can achieve their self-actualisation need. As a matter of fact, the management must aim at satisfying all the desires of the employees for motivating and engaging them to stay loyal to the organizations. Vrooms expectancy theory of motivation According to the Vrooms expectancy theory of motivation, the changes in the attitudes and behaviour of the employees depends widely on how the management of the organizations they are associated with assign work to them and maximise the pleasure among the employees. The theory stated that the behaviour of the employees results from the choices of the alternatives that the management adopts to resolve all the pains and confusions among the employees and satisfy them so that their ultimate purpose of engaging the employees can be accomplished (Mcreynolds, 2012). The work must be given to the employees on the basis of their skills, experience and abilities so that they can be motivated and give maximum efforts to meet their job roles and requirements leading to the increased performance. Herzbergs theory of motivation Herzberg emphasised on the needs of the employees and pioneered job enrichment. According to his theory, the employees will want to work in the organizations only if they are satisfied with the prevailing conditions and resources of the companies. Job satisfaction is very much important for the employees (Phillipchuk and Whittaker, 1996). This will in turn help the management to understand the different attitudes and behaviour of the employees in a proper work environment. The work of the employees must be recognised and they must be given responsibilities for work so that they can realise their value within the organizations. If they find that the work is allotted to them as per their abilities then they can be motivated to work effectively. Adams equity theory This equity theory proposed by Adams has strongly recommended that the employees within the organizations must be treated equally. They must be given payment based on their work and their skills. It is important for the employees to maintain equity between the efforts that they render in doing a job and the results that they expect against their work (Fargus, 2000). There should not be any discrimination among the employees and must be paid equally as per their work quality and deserving. Adams has stated in his theory that fair treatment within the organization will make the employees motivated. This will indeed keep the fairness preserved among the employees and smooth relationship will therefore be maintained between the co-workers and the management of the organizations. All these motivational theories and practices undertaken by the strategic human resource management of the organizations will help them to satisfy the employees and influence their behaviour and attitudes towards delivering positive outcomes. Characteristics of positive work environment and job designs of HR Proper job design helps to get a good feedback. The employees should be provided with various work options according to their social and personal needs so that they can perform better (Dessler, 2000). Training is an important part of the job design and thus organizing the training programs will prove to be beneficial for the companies as it will motivate and grow interest among the employees to give their best in their work. Job flexibility is essential which also boost them up and lead them to release maximum work pressure and stress influencing their work performance (Dess and Miller, 1993). Thus it can be said that the maintenance of a proper job design will create a positive work environment increasing the encouragement level among the workers. It is of utmost significance that the management must maintain a smooth and friendly work environment within the organizations so that the employees and the HR managers can share effective relationship with each other (Morgan, 2009). A positive work environment will thereby make the employees feel much good about coming to the companies and give their best effort in their work. The different characteristics of maintaining a positive work environment within the organizations are discussed below: Open communication: There should be open and free communication and close interaction between the management and the workers so that the employees can share their feelings, opinions and thoughts and the management can easily resolve all sorts of confusions and misunderstandings of the employees, if any. Balanced work: The management of the companies must assign work to the employees equally so that there can be a balance of work among the co-workers. This will make all the employees happy and satisfied to work in their respective workplaces. Also balanced work will make the employees balance both their personal lives and profession (Morgan, 2009). Job according to the abilities: A positive work environment can be created by the management within the organizational premises if the employees are assigned the jobs according to their skills and abilities. This way the employees can provide all their knowledge and experience in their work towards the development of their work performances. Training and development: The management must conduct training programs through which they can deliver proper training to the employees so as to help them develop their interpersonal skills and efficiencies and gain immense knowledge regarding their work field which will ultimately motivate them and grow interest among them to work fruitfully. Rewards for hard work: The management must ensure that they should reward the employees for their hard work so as to encourage the behaviours and attitudes of the employees towards uplifting the standards of the organizations (Cameron and Pierce, 2002). The employees feel motivated when the management provide them with all sorts of benefits and facilities that aim at enhancing the level of their work performance. It is referred to the effective allocation of the specific tasks to the employees so as to satisfy their job roles (Whiteley, 2002). The outlining of the tasks must be done in a proper order so that their objectives and aims can be well fulfilled. When the employees find that they are being allotted the jobs based on their qualifications and capabilities, they feel satisfied to put efforts and work beneficially. Thus the human resource management of the organizations must prepare a good job design so that the stress factor of the employees can be thereby reduced and performance enhancement can be ensured. Not only that, if proper job design is maintained, the rate of absenteeism and employee turnover will be reduced thereby ensuring the well being of the organizations. Effective HR processes in the organization seriously influencing the affecting processes. With the help of effective HR practices, the Human resource management of the organization can able to motivate the employees and make them ready to put their best in fulfilling the commitment. It is the sole responsibility of the management of the organization to provide them all kinds of facilities to reduce the employee turnover rate. On the other hand, management of the organization should engage the employees in the decision making process of the organization. It helps them believe that they are the active part of the organization and ultimately it enhances the job satisfaction of the employees. In case of the behavioural process it plays a significant role, it assists in increasing the effort of the employees and reducing the employee turnover rate. Absenteeism can be prevented through the job satisfaction. Job characteristics of Hackman and Oldham in employee motivation The job characteristics model of Hackman and Oldham has been designed in an effective way. This model helps to understand the psychic of the employees; psychological analysis of the employees helps to determine the demand of the employees. If the psychology of the employees can be understood then motivation can be provided to them. Motivation and job satisfaction helps to improve the work performance and job satisfaction of the employees. The model clearly entails that it is very important for the human resource managers to practice proper smooth designs and maintain them so that they can motivate the employees and direct them in the rightful path (Torrington, Hall and Torrington, 1998). Once the employees get motivated, they feel an extraordinary energy and enthusiasm within which makes them work and perform better. The management must realise that it is the employees who, by means of their hard work and dedication, fulfil their job criteria and meet their job roles which lead to th e success and profitability of the companies. In the job characteristics model, both Hackman and Oldham have stated described that a monotonous and boring job smothers motivation among the employees to perform well (Hackman, and Oldham, 1976). On the other hand, if the employees are given a challenging task then the motivational level will be enhanced. Hence the model states that the employees must be provided with a variety of work options and involve them in the decision making process which will reduce the monotony and dullness of the work and help in job motivation. Job rotation and job enrichment are considered to be two ways through which the management can add variety and challenges in the tasks of the employees. When the employees are given variety of works they become expertise and skilled in every field of work thereby establishing a proper task identity and realising the significance of the tasks. This in turn brings in good feedback and reduces autonomy thereby influencing them to deliver beneficial outcomes from their works (Sadler, 2003). Thus the five key job characteristics proposed by Hackman and Oldham are the skill variety, task significance, task identity, autonomy and feedback which ascertain the minimisation of the employee turnover rate and absenteeism rate. It is quite natural that if the employees are being motivated, then they will feel like going to the workplaces every day and will possess an increased level of encouragement or interest in doing their work. Therefore the aforesaid five job characteristics can be used as an index in measuring how the managements intervention can stimulate the behaviour and attitudes of the employees and can affect the same. According to them high motivation is directly related to the upliftment of the performance standards of the employees and thereby helping them to ensure the success and sustainability of the organizations. Using appropriate skills and abilities of the employees in the correct work hereby can develop a lot of expertise and knowledge among them which will be beneficial for their future. They can be able to identify the tasks and can easily apply their knowledge and effectiveness in doing that task more fruitfully. Through the job characteristics, the employees can feel the responsibility that they derive from the autonomous work (Hackman, and Oldham, 1976). As per Hackman and Oldham, the job characteristics model will help the employees to become internally motivated to do all sorts of jobs much effectively with utmost satisfaction and job enrichment. The needs and expectations that they possess from the workplaces must be fulfilled by the management so which will boost up their energy and enthusiasm level thereby supporting them in their work and also bring about desired outcomes from the organizational productivity. Thus intrinsic motivational techniques incorporated by the human resource managers of the organizations can increase the work quality of the employees thus enabling their engagement within their respective workplace domains. Relationship between Maslows hierarchy of needs motivational theory and the job characteristics It has been hereby perceived from the previous discussion that job satisfaction is of utmost significance among the employees within the organizations. This relationship helps to determine the motivation factors for the employees in the organization, even the relationship helps to engage the employees in the work process. Thus the human resource management must make it a point to ensure that they implement all possible strategies and techniques in order to satisfy the employees so that they can be retained and engaged in the organizations (Paul and Robertson, 1999). Maslows hierarchy of needs theory has clearly reflected that the employees must be provided with proper working conditions and job environment so that they can be able to feel motivated and encouraged to work effectively for the benefit of the organizations. According to Maslow, every person inherits certain desires and needs that they expect to receive being associated with the companies. The human resource managers must make sure that they hire employees whose needs and necessities they can fulfil. It should be made evident that the employees feel satisfied and pleased working there which will help them to increase their efficiencies and improve their work qualities in a beneficial way. As per the job characteristics model designed by Hackman and Oldham, it can be said that the characteristics have a direct relation with the Maslows hierarchy of needs motivational theory. The employees are the most important and significant stakeholders of the business as without them the companies will have no potentiality to perform and carry out their market operations. It is the working skills and capabilities of the workers that the organizations have been able to gain reputation or goodwill in the operating market (Overtoom, 2000). Thus it should be the most important and significant look out of the human resource managers that they are providing the employees with all sorts of benefits and job recognition that will motivate them to work even better. As per the Maslows theory, it is the utmost essential duty of the management to make sure that they provide the employees with a free working environment where they will have the authority and freedom to share or express their feelings and opinions in front of the higher authority. Also it will help them to showcase their talents and put forwards the innovative ideas and thoughts in ensuring the well being of the organizations. Apart from all these, the management must undertake certain improved safety measures so as to protect or safeguard the employees from any safety issues or harm. The physiological needs must be fulfilled. Training must be provided to the employees through which they can grab a lot of knowledge and expertise regarding their work (Neher, 1991). Constant interaction and close communication must be encouraged between the management and the workforce which will thereby establish a smooth and effective relationship between them. This inter-relationship is capable of increasing the motivation level within the employees. Hence they can set a benchmark and can work with extreme efficacy. The performance of the employees must be appreciated by the managers and their efforts must be recognised and given value so as to serve the purpose of satisfying them and engaging them in their work (Armstrong and Armstrong, 2009). As a consequence it can be said that if the management can maintain the job characteristics well enough and ensure the implication of effective job design, then the hierarchy of needs of the employees will be satisfied helping the business to flourish and prosper. Conclusion From the overall discussion, it can be thereby concluded that motivation is very much necessary for the employees which tends to improve and uplift their performance standards and evaluate success and profitability of the organizations. With the help of various effective motivational theories and practices, the significance and the necessity of motivation in the organizations have been reflected (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson, 1999). The management must make sure that all the desires and expectations of the employees from their workplaces are fulfilled so as to satisfy them and retain them on long term basis. The study entailed that the job designs and the characteristics must be appropriate enough to tackle the organizational performance and enhance the capabilities of the employees for its well being. Hence motivation is a much essential element. References Armstrong, M. and Armstrong, M. (2009).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. London: Kogan Page. Cameron, J. and Pierce, W. (2002).Rewards and intrinsic motivation. Westport, Conn.: Bergin Garvey. Dess, G. and Miller, A. (1993).Strategic management. New York: McGraw-Hill. Dessler, G. (2000).Human resource management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Fargus, P. (2000).Measuring and improving employee motivation. London: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Hackman, J.R. and Oldham, G.R., 1976. Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory.Organizational behavior and human performance,16(2), pp.250-279. Hind, D. and Moss, S. (2005).Employability skills. Sunderland: Business Education Publishers. Hitt, M., Ireland, R. and Hoskisson, R. (1999).Strategic management. Cincinnati: South-Western College Pub. Hunger, J. and Wheelen, T. (1996).Strategic management. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. Jang, J. (2000).The impact of career motivation and polychronicity on job satisfaction and turnover intention among hotel industry employees. Denton: University of North Texas. Jeyarathnam, M. (2008).Strategic management. Mumbai: Himalaya Pub. House. Mathis, R. and Jackson, J. (2003).Human resource management. Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-western. Mcreynolds, J. (2012).Motivational theories psychology. Delhi: English Press. Mondy, R., Noe, R. and Gowan, M. (2005).Human resource management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Morgan, L. (2009).The impact of work-life balance and family-friendly human resource policies on employees' job satisfaction. Neher, A. (1991). Maslow's Theory of Motivation: A Critique.Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 31(3), pp.89-112. Overtoom, C. (2000).Employability skills. Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearinghouse on Adult, Career, and Vocational Education, Center on Education and Training for Employment, College of Education, the Ohio State University. Paul, W. and Robertson, K. (1970).Job enrichment and employee motivation. London: Gower P. Phillipchuk, J. and Whittaker, J. (1996). An Inquiry into the Continuing Relevance of Herzberg's Motivation Theory.Engineering Management Journal, 8(1), pp.15-20. Sadler, P. (2003).Strategic management. Sterling, VA: Kogan Page. Thomas, K. (2000).Intrinsic motivation at work. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Torrington, D., Hall, L. and Torrington, D. (1998).Human resource management. London: Prentice Hall Europe. Udechukwu, I. (2009). Correctional Officer Turnover: Of Maslow's Needs Hierarchy and Herzberg's Motivation Theory.Public Personnel Management, 38(2), pp.69-82. tandards of the employees in a fruitful way. The Theori

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Mistakes free essay sample

Mistakes are painful. I was trying to run away and not get into trouble. I stood still. What was going to happen to me? I had no idea. It didn’t hit me right away, but I knew what I did was wrong. It was supposed to be a prank, nothing else. It was my junior year spring break. It started off phenomenal. I went camping with my best friends for five days. We had nothing to worry about. Each day passed quickly. It wasn’t until we got back that things went wrong. Then, things fell apart. It was only a key to my best friend’s house. I was there all the time. It wasn’t that bad. While we stayed back in Wisconsin and camped, his family vacationed in Mexico. I had no idea stealing a key could ruin their whole vacation. I stole the key; I used it. We will write a custom essay sample on Mistakes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We went into their house without their permission and from there, it was all downhill. At first, it was nothing big to be inside his house; it was like we lived there. When time came to leave, however, we had some major difficulties. The keys to my car were locked inside my car. I couldn’t call my parents. There was no way to explain I had locked my car keys in the car and my car was in Mark’s garage. It was in Mark’s garage so no one would know we were there. Since I decided not to call home, I took Mark’s parents’ car. Once we finished our joyride with their car, it was too late. I had been getting phone calls all night from an unknown number; I never answered the calls. My friend’s phone was broken, so he never received a call. Then, I got a call from my friend’s mom. She immediately said â€Å"Put Gus on the phone.† After he hung up, he told me they knew we had Mark’s parents’ car. I was in a coma from there in on out. I didn’t know what to do or say. I knew I was going to be in the worst trouble I had ever been in. One week later, when their family returned from vacation, our families sat down together and discussed what had happened. My friend and I both sincerely apologized and told them everything from start to finish. They could have pressed charges on us. They knew we were being truthful and we regretted what we did 100 percent. The charges were dropped. At that point in my life, I did not know what to expect. Every second, I felt like I was getting hit in the face. But once the final results came, I woke up from my coma and I could live life again. This changed my life in so many ways; so many, I would have to write another essay to explain it. I learned my lesson and now I always stop, think and ask myself, is this right? I haven’t made a mistake since.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

How Does Descartes Try To Extricate Himself From The Sceptical Doubts

How does Descartes try to extricate himself from the sceptical doubts that he has raised? Does he succeed? [All page references and quotations from the Meditations are taken from the 1995 Everyman edition] In the Meditations, Descartes embarks upon what Bernard Williams has called the project of 'Pure Enquiry' to discover certain, indubitable foundations for knowledge. By subjecting everything to doubt Descartes hoped to discover whatever was immune to it. In order to best understand how and why Descartes builds his epistemological system up from his foundations in the way that he does, it is helpful to gain an understanding of the intellectual background of the 17th century that provided the motivation for his work. We can discern three distinct influences on Descartes, three conflicting world-views that fought for prominence in his day. The first was what remained of the mediaeval scholastic philosophy, largely based on Aristotelian science and Christian theology. Descartes had been taught according to this outlook during his time at the Jesuit college La Flech? and it had an important influence on his work, as we shall see later. The second was the scepticism that had made a sudden impact on the intellectual world, mainly as a reaction to the scholastic outlook. This scepticism was strongly influenced by the work of the Pyrrhonians as handed down from antiquity by Sextus Empiricus, which claimed that, as there is never a reason to believe p that is better than a reason not to believe p, we should forget about trying to discover the nature of reality and live by appearance alone. This attitude was best exemplified in the work of Michel de Montaigne, who mockingly dismissed the attempts of theologians and scientists to understand the nature of God and the universe respectively. Descartes felt the force of sceptical arguments and, while not being sceptically disposed himself, came to believe that scepticism towards knowledge was the best way to discover what is certain: by applying sceptical doubt to all our beliefs, we can discover which of them are indubitable, and thus form an adequate foundation for knowledge. The third world-view resulted largely from the work of the new scientists; Galileo, Copernicus, Bacon et al. Science had finally begun to assert itself and shake off its dated Aristotelian prejudices. Coherent theories about the world and its place in the universe were being constructed and many of those who were aware of this work became very optimistic about the influence it could have. Descartes was a child of the scientific revolution, but felt that until sceptical concerns were dealt with, science would always have to contend with Montaigne and his cronies, standing on the sidelines and laughing at science's pretenses to knowledge. Descartes' project, then, was to use the tools of the sceptic to disprove the sceptical thesis by discovering certain knowledge that could subsequently be used as the foundation of a new science, in which knowledge about the external world was as certain as knowledge about mathematics. It was also to hammer the last nail into the coffin of scholasticism, but also, arguably, to show that God still had a vital r?le to play in the discovery of knowledge. Meditation One describes Descartes' method of doubt. By its conclusion, Descartes has seemingly subjected all of his beliefs to the strongest and most hyberbolic of doubts. He invokes the nightmarish notion of an all-powerful, malign demon who could be deceiving him in the realm of sensory experience, in his very understanding of matter and even in the simplest cases of mathematical or logical truths. The doubts may be obscure, but this is the strength of the method - the weakness of criteria for what makes a doubt reasonable means that almost anything can count as a doubt, and therefore whatever withstands doubt must be something epistemologically formidable. In Meditation Two, Descartes hits upon the indubitable principle he has been seeking. He exists, at least when he thinks he exists. The cogito (Descartes' proof of his own existence) has been the source of a great deal of discussion ever since Descartes first formulated it in the 1637 Discourse on Method, and, I believe, a great deal of misinterpretation (quite possibly as a result of Descartes' repeated contradictions of his own position in subsequent writings). Many commentators have fallen prey to the tempting interpretation of the cogito as either syllogism or enthymeme. This view holds that Descartes asserts that he is thinking, that he believes it axiomatic that 'whatever

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Essay on The History of African American Women being Victims of RapeEssay Writing Service

Essay on The History of African American Women being Victims of RapeEssay Writing Service Essay on The History of African American Women being Victims of Rape Essay on The History of African American Women being Victims of RapeAfrican Americans are the inhabitants of the United States belonging to the Negroid race and having full or partial African descent. They are descendants of slaves brought to North America in the 17th-19th centuries. At an early stage of human development there appeared an idea of ​​the differences between men and women, forming behavior and distribution of responsibilities. Unity and confrontation of male and female principles were central to the traditional African society. Biological sphere was a source of controversy between the sexes. Physical abilities and the traditional function of women motherhood were considered when demarcation of roles between men and women. The ability to reproduce was vital for all peoples of the continent. Wives and daughters were considered the main wealth of the family. Woman stood over the man in her functions. In this regard, there appears an idea of imaginary unclea nness of women in certain physiological periods (menstruation, pregnancy, childbirth). So, during these periods women are dangerous and can disrupt the harmony between human and nature. The man didn’t have such biological and social disadvantages. Thus man got a major role in the family and tribal collective. Women were imposed different kinds of taboo, for example, prohibitions on certain activities. In an African village womens status depended not only on gender, but also on her social role. Married African women were given the last place within the family, she was considered inferior kind. Researchers G. Bissila and M. Felu note that motherhood isolates woman from a biological standpoint, physiology isolates her aesthetically, religion makes a conviction (Amutah, 2012). African women lived by the rules of social isolation, utter dependence on her husband, lack of voting rights, inability to be head of the family. Family relationships in an African village could be consider ed as a collision of two clans in the property, social and religious aspects. African woman was deprived of individuality, her personal interests and needs were nothing compared to the interests of the community. African woman was passive due to her workload in agricultural work and responsibilities at home. They worked on the land, took care of harvest, brought home water and firewood, prepared food.From 1619 to 1865 the United States had a system of slavery, most slaves were Africans. They were taken by force from places of residence. First African slaves were brought to Virginia in 1619. Entrepreneurs often used black slave labor, thus reducing the wages of white workers. Such competition from Africans led to the fact that many white workers shifted to work in other places. That developed racial hostility. According to the Act of 1661, Africans were recognized lifelong slaves. Later, law about African slaves and their posterity was passed. Such Black Codes converted Africans into eternal property of slaveholders (Lang, 2011).Children of slaves were owned by the owner of their mother. African American women have experienced great suffering in the forced separation of families and the sale of children. Separation from family was extremely traumatic for women. Experiencing the pain of loss, woman changed forever. She became a victim without the right to change something. Codes introduced bans on trade, slaves were not allowed to learn to read and write, to drink alcohol without the owners permission, it was forbidden to hire horses, to keep dogs, guns, and they had no right to testify against white people. For the slightest offense slaves were succumbed to severe punishment. Slaves were in the same row with the cattle, implements and furniture. By the end of the colonial period there appear free blacks in the New World, but they were also limited in their rights: they had no right to participate in elections, to serve as witnesses in court proceedings conflict s between whites.For men, slavery was real flour, for women it was even worse. She was oppressed three times: as a slave, as a black and as a woman. They had a very hard work in the field. Cotton pickers wore heavy bags, their daily rate was 150-200 pounds (Bent-Goodley, 2013). Ones, who didn’t fulfill it, were punished. Pregnant women stopped working just a month before delivery. And they started working in the field a month after birth. Rest of the time women spent in housework. Female slaves had not only hard work, but also sexual exploitation. Sexual relations with African women, irrespective of their faith, were a kind of self-affirmation of white men. The superiority of one group over another group of men was shown by the forcible possession of women. In the places where there was a large number slaves, and the percentage of white women was small, liaisons between white men and black women were common. Another problem for female slaves was compulsory reproduction. That was especially practiced since 1807, when the slave trade was brought to an end, but high demand for labor remained. Then reproduction of labor power became a source of wealth of slaveholders. Black women were forced to have children as often as possible. The family was unable to protect young girls from encroachment of white men. In the 19th century, there appeared the American womens movement, represented by white and African-American women in the struggle for the abolition of slavery. In the mid- 60s, in the United States the movement for womens rights was formed, it received the name of feminism. It attracted public attention not only to the issues of gender equality, but also to sexual abuse, which was previously silent. Feminists achieved passing a number of favorable laws for women. By the 90th, popular feminist writers have done much to change the established views of society, but the complete victory was still far. As a result of the Civil War of 1861-1865 in the United Sta tes, slavery was abolished (Bent-Goodley, 2013).Nowadays, rape is one of the most serious forms of sexual harassment. Many researchers and doctors regard rape as a product of socialization process in the structure of the normal society. Modern researchers have proved that American women are raped far more often than residents of other countries. Trying to prove this fact, scientists consider psychosocial and socio-biological factors. In several studies anthropologist Peggy Reeves Sunday showed that rape is largely a cultural phenomenon. She compared the level of rape in 95 societies (Franiuk, 2011). Research have shown that incidence of rape in any society depends on the nature of the relationship between the sexes, womens status and the way of bringing up boys during adolescence. It has been proven that in societies provoking violence aggressiveness of men is a common phenomenon. In those cultures, men have high economic and political status, they don’t commonly take care of child-rearing and housework. In a society that is free from violence, relationship between men and women are different. They share power and authority, as well as contribute equally to the general welfare. In such societies, boys and girls are taught to appreciate care and avoid aggression and violence.In the USA, rate of rape is higher than in any other western country, one of the main causes is associated with stereotypical gender roles. Men are taught that power, aggressiveness and ability to get his own, even with the use of force, are an integral part of the traditional male role. Boys learn almost from childhood that they should strive to have sex and expect to succeed not stopping before unethical means to achieve their goals. American men perceive aggression as quite valid tool for obtaining sexual access to women. â€Å"Sexual assault is a logical continuation of the system, where men are taught to conquer what they want, while women should be passive, compliant and put m ens needs above their own† (Clay-Warner, 2009). Woman of any age can become a victim of a rapist. Recent studies show that more than 50% of American women survivors of rape have been first abused before the age of 18 years, and 22 % of them – before 12 years old. The fact that a woman has experienced rape before the age of 18 years highly increases the likelihood that in the future it would repeat (Wong, 2013). The level of reported rapes has cultural differences. For example, Asians report about rapes much than white American and African American. In the late 20th century, it was shown that women with lower socioeconomic status more often became victims of sexual assault in all ethnic groups. Obtained data can be explained by noting that people living in squalid conditions become victims of various crimes more often. African American women were subjected to forced sterilization in order to prevent the proliferation of people who were considered carriers of defective ge netic traits. African American women were sterilized in many states against their will, sometimes even without their knowledge. In the USA, African American women were subjected to forced sterilization more often, as it was believed that they were unable to control own sexual life. That was performed in order to limit the growth of black families applying for social security benefits. The greatest number of sterilizations took place in California from 1909 to 1964. Sterilization was subjected even to those who were healthy. Forced sterilization existed in the USA until 1974.Professor of sociology in the University of Maryland Bart Landry said that negative image of black women in the United States was formed back in slave times when black families were separated and white slave owners raped black women. Upon completion of slavery, African American women began to be considered as a part of the workforce. Black woman who has achieved success at work, who is a caring mother and wife s uch an important image is represented by Michelle Obama. Today, the USA is a home for about 42 million of African Americans. February 2014 was declared a national Month of Black History.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Critique of Aristotle's Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Critique of Aristotle's Politics - Essay Example In each of these types of governance, he gives the sound and the bad. According to Aristotle, the philosopher king is the ideal governance. In this form, the kings’ interest is in the welfare of his people (Tacitus & Benario 18). The highest form of governance is the monarchy. It is hereditary in nature, and people can associate freely with the royal family. In a monarchy, the interests of the nation take priority above all other matters. When the respectable leadership of a monarchy becomes rogue, Aristotle terms it as tyranny. When leadership becomes self seeking the citizens of this state, suffers thus; cannot achieve happiness (Chuska 277). Aristotle considers aristocracy of philosophers to be the second best leadership. When this form of leadership gets crooked, it becomes oligarchy. Further, he views democracy as the worst form of leadership. In his opinion, the third best form of leadership is one whose polity would combine all the noble forms of leadership. According to Aristotle, a polity is a constitution. Aristotle is of the opinion that, for a polity to be viable, it has to consider the stability and security of its people. The aristocracy as Aristotle puts it is the rule of several. When a virtuous rule of law prevails the society enjoys solidity. In this rule, the needs of the wealthy get priority while the rest of the population gets neglected. This brings about class division, and discrimination on the basis of riches. The elite in the society protect and guard their status making it difficult to join the elite group from low class people. According to Aristotle, who was advocating for fairness, elitism in the society is wrong (Chuska 278). Polity is the rule of the majority. This is what Aristotle refers to as the rule of many. In the better form, it concerns with the needy. The leaders take office through an election. It is the citizens of the state who decide the person